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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused millions of deaths worldwide. Genome-wide association studies identified the 3p21.31 region as conferring a twofold increased risk of respiratory failure. Here, using a combined multiomics and machine learning approach, we identify the gain-of-function risk A allele of an SNP, rs17713054G>A, as a probable causative variant. We show with chromosome conformation capture and gene-expression analysis that the rs17713054-affected enhancer upregulates the interacting gene, leucine zipper transcription factor like 1 (LZTFL1). Selective spatial transcriptomic analysis of lung biopsies from patients with COVID-19 shows the presence of signals associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a viral response pathway that is regulated by LZTFL1. We conclude that pulmonary epithelial cells undergoing EMT, rather than immune cells, are likely responsible for the 3p21.31-associated risk. Since the 3p21.31 effect is conferred by a gain-of-function, LZTFL1 may represent a therapeutic target.

Original publication

DOI

10.1038/s41588-021-00955-3

Type

Journal article

Journal

Nature genetics

Publication Date

11/2021

Volume

53

Pages

1606 - 1615

Addresses

Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Keywords

COvid-19 Multi-omics Blood ATlas (COMBAT) Consortium, Lung, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3, Epithelial Cells, Humans, Transcription Factors, Case-Control Studies, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Female, Male, Genome-Wide Association Study, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2