Adenoviral (Ad) vectors and mRNA vaccines exhibit distinct patterns of immune responses and reactogenicity, but underpinning mechanisms remain unclear. We longitudinally compared homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 vaccination, focusing on cytokine-responsive innate-like lymphocytes-mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and Vδ2+ γδ T cells-which sense and tune innate-adaptive cross-talk. Ad priming elicited robust type I interferon (IFN)-mediated innate-like T cell activation, augmenting T cell responses (innate-to-adaptive signaling), which was dampened at boost by antivector immunity. Conversely, mRNA boosting enhanced innate-like responses, driven by prime-induced spike-specific memory T cell-derived IFN-γ (adaptive-to-innate signaling). Extending the dosing interval dampened inflammation at boost because of waning T cell memory. In a separate vaccine trial, preboost spike-specific T cells predicted severe mRNA reactogenicity regardless of the priming platform or interval. Overall, bidirectional innate-like and adaptive cross-talk, and IFN-γ-licensed innate-like T cells, orchestrate interval-dependent early vaccine responses, suggesting modifiable targets for safer, more effective regimens.
Journal article
2025-08-01T00:00:00+00:00
10
Translational Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine - Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
PITCH Consortium‡, Com-COV Study Group‡, PITCH Consortium, Com-COV Study Group, Humans, Vaccination, Female, Immunity, Innate, Interferon-gamma, Adaptive Immunity, Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, mRNA Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine